Consecutive Interpreting Strategies on A Court Setting: A Study of English into Indonesia Interpretation

This study was an attempt to investigate the consecutive interpreting strategies used by an Indonesian interpreter, Yuliana Tansil, in the court setting. This study examined a trial court in English and consecutively interpreted it to Indonesian. Faerch and Kasper ¶V (1983) theory of consecutive interpreting strategy was used. The descriptive qualitative method was applied as the method of this study. Data were collected through video recording taken from official YouTube . The video then was transcribed carefully. The results showed that the interpreter used two types of consecutive interpreting strategies, namely reduction strategies, and achievement strategies. In terms of reduction strategy, the interpreter applied skipping , incomplete sentence , and filtering . Yet, the message abandonment was not found in this study. In terms of achievement strategies, the interpreter used both appeal for assistance and elaborate strategy . The results also indicated that the interpreter frequently elaborated and expanded the lexical meaning of words or phrases in the utterances. The interpreter used this strategy when she faced the difficult words in long utterances because of some cultural nuance. So, she elaborated on her understanding of the message by adding more information as a way of making the utterance in the target language to be understood better.


Introduction
Scholarship on consecutive interpreting strategy in court settings (e.g.Rusell, Shaw & Malcolm, 2010;Ribas, 2012;Kenneth, Eunice, & Peter, 2013;Wasfi, 2014;Shafiei, Tavakoli, & Dastjerdi, 2019) has been widely acknowledged to help a court interpreter to find the equivalent meaning between the target language and source language that will be transferred.The consecutive interpretation is a mode in which the interpreter begins to interpret an episode of a message after the speaker has stopped producing the source utterance (Pochacker, 2004).An interpreter listens to the speaker, takes note, and then reproduces the speech in the target language.Generally, this mode is usually applied to a formal place, such as a courthouse (Kelly, 1979).Gile (1995), furthermore pointed out that an interpreter before delivering his or her speech should have an effort model to support the fluency of interpretation and to reduce errors occurred, which is divided into several efforts, such as listening and analysis, memory, etc.These efforts are used to help interpreters understand the difficulties of interpreting and select appropriate strategies and tactics.Based on Lörscher (1991) in Ribas (2012), the interpreting problem or difficulties lie on a lexical, syntactic, or lexico-syntactic nature.In terms of syntax, cohesive conjunctions for example are an important device that significantly affects the structure of meaning (Kuswoyo et al, 2020).It will also be more challenging if both source language (SL) and target language (TL) have different grammatical patterns or cultural values (Simanjuntak, 2019) e-mail:teknosastik@teknokrat.ac.idA large number of studies concerning the strategies of consecutive interpretation in various fields (e.g.conference (Al-Zahran, 2007); training (Ribas, 2012); and church sermons (Kenneth, Eunice, & Peter, 2013)) have been conducted.An early study put forward by Al-Zahran (2007), entitled The Consecutive Conference Interpreter as Intercultural Mediator: A Cognitive-3UDJPDWLF $SSURDFK WR WKH ,QWHUSUHWHU ¶V 5ROH was conducted.He proposed an account of the CCIr's role as an intercultural mediator as an alternative to other accounts of the interpreter's role in the literature on conference interpreting because those accounts did not explain clearly.The CCIr's role conflicted with very well-established concepts and principles associated with translation or interpreting such as faithfulness, accuracy, neutrality, or accessibility.
The study by Ribas (2012) presented the interpreting problems and strategies encountered by two groups of students at two different stages of training and the strategies that they applied.The results showed that the interpreting problems broken down according to each of the interpreting phases: listening and understanding, note-taking, decoding notes and expressing and reformulating, and interpreting strategies paraphrasing, repeating, memorizing, or trying to calm down.
In subsequent work, Kenneth et al (2013) investigated consecutive interpreting in Pentecostal church sermons using the theory of communication process that proposed by Tarone (1981) and Faerch and Kasper (1983) as the strategy to reach the entire congregation in a multilingual situation, especially in Machakos town, Kenya.They used descriptive research design as the method of their research to obtain information and using purposive sampling to select five churches that used consecutive interpreting, in which the sermons were preached in English and interpreted to Kamba, where the data was collected through non-participant observation and interviews.They found that most relevant strategies from the whole of sermons that used by interpreters relied more on strategies that did not communicate efficiently the message of the source text thus reduction strategies.Many previous studies, in different contexts, have been done on the strategies of consecutive interpretation, however, until now there seems to be no study exploring the consecutive interpreting strategies in the Indonesian context.So, this study is needed to be conducted.
This study tries to investigate the consecutive interpreting strategies of English into Indonesian used by Yuliana Tansil, who was an Indonesian interpreter on Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court.This was a case that attracts much public attention, becoming the spectacle of a major program on television and was watched by millions of Indonesian people.The issue began with the death of Wayan Mirna Salihin on January 6, 2016, who died after drinking a Vietnamese iced coffee at the Oliver Cafe in the Grand Indonesia shopping mall in Jakarta.The police investigation showed that cyanide poisoning was PRVW OLNHO\ WKH FDXVH RI 0LUQD ¶V GHDWK +HU EHVW IULHQG -HVVLFD .XPDOD :RQJVR ZDV legally and convincingly proven guilty of committing premeditated murder (Palin, 2016).

Besides
ZLWQHVVHV LQFOXGLQJ 0LUQD ¶V IDWher, husband, and twin sister as well as cafe employees testified, the public prosecutor of the trial also brought the Australian Federal Police, John Jesus Torres, as a witness.Because he spoke Australian English, any party such as lawyers, judges, witnesses found difficulties in speaking and understanding English.So that, a courtroom interpreter in all stages of a proceeding was presented.Yuliana Tansil, who has certified from the Association of Indonesia Translators (HPI), then was invited (Astriana, 2016).
The present study offers an attempt to fill the gap in the literature and seeks to examine the following research questions: 1. What are the consecutive interpreting strategies used by Yuliana Tansil as the interpreter in Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court? 2. How are the consecutive interpreting strategies implemented by Yuliana Tansil as the interpreter in Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court?

Consecutive Interpretation Strategies
The consecutive interpretation strategies theory from Faerach and Kasper (1983) was used in this study.Faerach and Kasper (1983) pointed out that in interpreting consecutive process should support strategies or tricks that substantiate to the way of communicating process.It is in line with Ribas (2012), for being a professional interpreter, it is needed development of strategies or tactics for facing some problems.Facing problems such as cognitive processing and interlingual and intercultural communication in interpreting deals with the strategy in interpreting (Gile,1995).This strategy supports to manage the language that wants to be produced by the interpreters to deliver correctly to the audience.
Moreover, in interpreting a new language, it is challenging since the interpreter should transfer their native language to a new language.As stated by Brown (2002) in Kuswoyo (2014) the interference of the first language system and the second language system is also problematic.Thus, Gile (1995) pointed out that before doing the interpreting process, an interpreter should have effort models of interpretation to help interpreters understand the difficulties of interpreting cases, such as memory effort, production effort, listening and analyzing effort, and coordination effort.For non-native English speakers like Indonesian, listening is one of the skills that must be mastered since they commonly have a problem on that ( Kuswoyo, 2013;Kuswoyo & Rido, 2019).
The concept of interpreting consecutive strategies can be seen in the following figure 1.

Reduction Strategy
Reduction strategy is a strategy to change of goal, but it keeps the obtained message or without interrupting the message.The commonly used reduction strategies include message abandonment, skipping, incomplete sentences, and filtering (Faerach & Kasper, 1983).

a. Message Abandonment
Message abandonment is the strategy of leaving message unfinished because of language difficulties (Tarone, 1981).Generally, it is used to refer to cases where the interpreter abandons the entire utterance and moves on to interpret the following utterance or makes an effort to interpret but stops almost immediately.

b. Skipping
Skipping is defined as a strategy where the interpreter avoids or skips single words or a group of words.It is a case of lexical simplification, which is an attempt to express meaning while avoiding certain lexical items.According to Faerch & Kasper (1983), avoidance applies to different degrees of appropriateness in different contexts.It is most appropriate for the speaker who knows what is avoided (skipped) and least appropriate for the translator, whose avoidance is created by lexical voids in the target language.

c. Incomplete Sentence
The incomplete sentence strategy is used when the interpreter omits large units of the text in the targeted language.In this strategy, the interpreters attempt to interpret but stop mid-sentence (Faerach & Kasper, 1983).In other words, the interpreter does the decimation of source language because of some factors.The use of incomplete sentences is different from the skipping strategy since, in incomplete sentences, the interpreter interprets the whole words but does not complete the utterance.

d. Filtering
The filtering strategy is a kind of summarization displayed in a lengthy utterance.Unlike the Skipping strategy, in filtering, the interpreters compress the length of an utterance to find an economic way of expression while attempting to retain the semantic content by selecting what they consider to be important and finding a way of expressing it using their terms.

Achievement Strategy
The achievement strategy is a strategy keeping the goal constant as the alternative to develop a message but keep going to maintain the meaning, to achieve the goal of interpreting.Achievement strategy is divided into two tricks, namely appeal for assistance and elaboration (Faerach and Kasper, 1983).

a. Appeal for assistance
Appeal for assistance is defined by Faerch and Kasper (1983) as the idea of asking for help when faced with challenges during communication.In terms of the strategy, this strategy commonly occurs when there is more than one word that is difficult to find the equivalent toward that language to be rendered.Thus, the interpreter needs assistance, such as looking up in a dictionary, getting assistance from an appropriate lexical item from the source language speaker, or from the audience, who understand both the source language and the target language.

b. Elaboration
Elaboration or expansion is used when the original text or source language requires an additional explanation in translation because of some cultural nuance not retrievable in the target language (Ghaemi & Benyamin, 2010).In this strategy, an interpreter elaborates on their understanding of the message, when the interpreter finds difficulties to make equivalently the meaning from the source language to target language.It is employed when the interpreter explains or adds more information as a way of making the utterance in the target language to be understood better.
This study used a descriptive qualitative method because the data used were taken from YouTube and reported in the form of words, so without numbering or statistical data (Cresswell, 2009;Stake, 2010;Fred, 2005).Data were collected by a video recording.Rido, et al (2017) suggested that video recording could be used as the appropriate way to understand the complex interaction.In this study, this technique was used to capture the interprHWHU ¶V YHUEDO XWWHUDQFHV GXULQJ WKH interaction in the trial court.There were some stages done by the writers to collect the data, they were (1) downloading video from official YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GBC45Nqy9Ys.It was about -HVVLFD .XPDODZRQJVR ¶V trial court on September 26, 2016, then transcribing the texts.( 2) finding carefully the types of interpreting consecutive strategies from the source and classifying them according to )DHUFK DQG .DVSHU ¶V theory.The last (3) identifying the data that consist of the consecutive process, and then taking note to describe the proper data.Meanwhile, to analyze the data, the writers employed some steps, they were (1) interpreting step.In this step, the writers interpreted the relation of the data found and collated with the formulation of the problem that has listened from Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court by understanding the theory of Faerch and Kasper (1983) in consecutive interpreting strategy.(2) identifying step.In this step, the writers analyzed the data found both source language (SL) and target language (TL) by identifying them according to the classification of interpreting consecutive strategies proposed by Faerch and Kasper (1983), and marked them then put in the table.And (3) concluding step.After evaluating the whole analyzed data, the writers made the conclusions.

Findings and Discussion
This study discussed the consecutive interpreting strategies used by Yuliana Tansil from English into Indonesian on Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court.The data were analyzed and interpreted based on Faerch and Kasper (1983) theory.The descriptive qualitative was conducted to elaborate on the kinds of consecutive interpreting strategies used by Yuliana Tansil as the interpreter in Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court.The following table 1 shows the details of the category of consecutive interpreting strategies in Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court.Elaboration e-mail:teknosastik@teknokrat.ac.id

Reduction Strategy
Utilizing reduction strategy, the interpreter just focuses on the main point information without transferring complete meaning.It reveals themes or main point, or important details that want to be delivered.The finding reveals that Yuliana Tansil as the interpreter in that court used a reduction strategy.It involved skipping the words or phrases, filtering the sentences that contain proverbs and idioms, and incomplete sentences by reducing the structure of the utterance.However, the message abandonment was not found.

Skipping
Skipping strategy usually occurs when an interpreter finds some difficult words in utterances that a speaker said.Thus, to avoid misinterpretation, an interpreter skips words that do not take influence the contextual meaning.By skipping, when an interpreter overlooks one or two words or phrases, that make the structure of the utterance does not transfer completely can be done, as long as maintaining contextual meaning from the source language into the target language (Faerch & Kasper, 1983).The interpreter in this way wants to maintain the main important message transferred by the speaker in the source language.
However, this strategy influences directly the meaning that is uttered in the SL.As explained in the previous section, skipping strategy is reducing one or two words in utterances; it is used more commonly, when a speaker in SL found the difficulty in maintaining another message, so an interpreter tries to follow that speaker said by skipping them.Thus, this strategy takes into the consecutive interpretation.For better understanding, the following examples of data are presented:

Extract 1
Extract 1 shows that the case of skipping happened in the source language for word okay, since this word was not translated into target language by the interpreter.The target language only showed the main point message without transferring completely the meaning of okay in the target language.In other words, Yuliana Tansil, as the interpreter skipped the word okay and only transferred the source language of the first report.She tried to maintain the main important message laporan pertama as the target language.By doing so, the interpreter expected that the audiences have understood the context of her speech.Therefore, reducing the word okay does not influence the information that wanted to be delivered by the speaker.The speaker in the source language uttered the word okay only to give feedback or consecutive response toward the question.Furthermore, it can be seen from the case that the skipping strategy is used by omitting one or more words or phrases typically for the words or phrases having less lexical meaning.In extract 2, the data reveals that the case of skipping occurred in a word his.Before the translating process, the phrase his reference number E3388635 has a possessive pronoun structure that followed by noun or noun phrase reference number.After the phrase is interpreted by the interpreter into Indonesian, it changes to be nomor rujukan E3388635.The construction of the phrase changes or the phrase becomes incomplete since the pronoun his was skipped.In the target language, the interpreter only focused on the point of the message.It may occur because the interpreter needed to catch the next utterance which felt difficult or disguise for the interpreter.So the interpreter skipped another word within the message that uttered by the speaker since the meaning is still in the context and the participants in that situation still can understand and accept the message one another.

Extract 3
Extract 3 shows that the interpreter also used skipping.It can be seen from the phrase Yes that.The meaning of that phrase was not interpreted into the target language.The interpreter did this strategy because when the speaker uttered such kind of response or feedback through the other side's questions in that court, the interpreter was sure that the audience have already known about the context of what her speech talking about.That is why the interpreter omitted two words from the phrase Yes that.Besides, those words were skipped because they had less lexical meaning.Therefore, in this skipping, the interpreter just focused on the main point of information.It can be seen that the speaker gave such an agreement of expression, then finally the interpreter interpreted Yes that correct to be betul.The word betul is the main point as the speaker gave agreement expression toward his report.
Furthermore, the case of skipping that occurred in words yes and that still have the function in the emphasis of meaning to the target language.The interpreter skipped the words, only interpreted in short in reducing some expressions in the target language.Before rendering the message in the source text, the phrase yes that correct confirm information conveyed by the speaker.When transferring to the target language to be betul, it seems like a very simple message, but the meaning still is acceptable because speakers and audiences could understand the meaning.

Incomplete Sentence
Incomplete sentence strategy occurs when the interpreters face long utterances spoken by a speaker.So, to keep point meaning of the message, the interpreter transferred in an incomplete sentence.It can be seen from the structure or element used in the utterance.The following extract could present the data.yang memiliki kekhawatiran akan seseorang yang memiliki alamat di Jarot street.e-mail:teknosastik@teknokrat.ac.id In extract 4, the case of incomplete sentence occurred in the phrase It was.In the source language, it shows that the sentence has a pattern subject and predicate, but when it was transferred to the target language by interpreter, the phrase it was was changed to the pattern of adjective yang memiliki in the sentence.
It makes the structure of the sentence to be an incomplete sentence, because of the reduction of the main pattern of the sentence.That is a subject and predicate of the sentence.It could occur, when if the interpreter only focused on the important information without obeying the grammatical construction of the sentence that uttered orally by the speaker.It is because speakers and audiences have understood each other in the context of communication.So the incomplete sentence strategy that was done by the interpreter did not make an influence on other main meaning of the sentence.In this case, the interpreter omitted a large unit or element in the sentence structure, then rendering only the action seen in the utterance.This strategy occurs because the interpreter needed to keep the main of the text, but still in the contextual meaning.

Filtering
The filtering strategy is used when the interpreters only take the important point of text that uttered by speakers, without caring the grammatical construction of the sentence in the utterance, so it is like summarizing text in the utterance, which transferring only main point into the target language (Faerach & Kasper, 1983).Such a strategy is used by summarizing messages that uttered in long utterances without disturbing the meaning because it still keeps the contextual meaning.So, the purpose of filtering itself is to make effective sentences in using words from SL to TL.To understand deeper how this strategy used in consecutive strategy, the following examples were given below.

Extract 6
Extract 6 presents the filtering strategy was used by the interpreter.It can be seen in the result of the target language orang yang terlibat.The interpreter tried to compress the meaning in the source language, where the speaker uttered in the long utterance in the event that the person I dealing with.The interpreter then only took the main point of information that wanted to be delivered by the speaker.That was about people who were involved as reported by the speaker.Besides, the interpreter maintained the goal of meaning in the source language without interrupting that meaning.Therefore, by using this strategy, the interpreter limited the utterance by summarizing the meaning taking only main point information.

Achievement Strategy
This strategy is different with reduction strategy.When achieving the goal of meaning in the target language, this strategy can be used by elaborating or could be also appealing another help, but it is only when facing hard condition, as a very difficult word like terms or another register word that is not known by interpreters (Faerch & Kasper, 1983).Both strategies are often used only in finding difficult words.Then an interpreter tries to use like elaborating the difficult words to make clear meaning in TL.This strategy considers modulation, since it may change the position of the structure of the sentence.As Kuswoyo & Audina 98 it happened in Jessica ¶V trial court, the interpreter, Yuliana Tansil mostly achieved the goal of interpretation by elaborating, but she never asked for help.

Elaboration
Elaboration is like the expansion of vocabulary in an utterance uttered by a speaker, but in elaborating way, an interpreter cannot come out form the context of the text, meaning that it cannot disturb the meaning of the text.This strategy often when interpreting such as rhetorical words, which the words can be explained in a long explanation with using various vocabularies.To understand deeply how this strategy was used by the interpreter in the process of consecutive interpretation, the following examples of data would be given below.

Extract 7
The interpreter in extract 7 used the elaboration strategy.It can be seen from the result of meaning in the target language when the speaker uttered the phrase can be viewed, the interpreter interpreted the phrase by using a synonym that giving another lexical meaning of the word viewed to be ditampilkan.In that case, the word viewed is not difficult but it indicates the general word.However, the interpreter used the elaboration strategy to that word because the interpreter tried to find out the most acceptable meaning that has related to the context of that communication.

Extract 8
Extract 8 presents the elaborating strategy used by the interpreter.It can be seen obviously that the phrase stated she was translated into target language becomes dan dimana yang bersangkutan.The lexical meaning of the words to be elaborated into the target language in a long-phrase, because the interpreter tried to create equivalent meaning to balance the context of the situation in communication being discussed, in order can be understood by the audience.Further, the elaborating strategy was used to find out the most equivalent meaning, without ordering the grammatical construction of the sentence.The call received says that the ex-boy friend stated she was going to kill herself using a knife.

Extract 9
The data sample in extract 9 shows that the case of elaborating strategy occurred in the word or phrase the location since the word or phrase was translated into target language to be extensive meaning that is ke alamat atau ke lokasi tersebut.It happened because the interpreter found the meaning of the word or phrase the location, that was ke alamat still not acceptable to the context of the message in the source language.That is way the interpreter added the meaning of the word or phrase to be ke lokasi, to be more understanding toward the audience.
Also, the goal of the elaborating strategy is to achieve the goal of communication between the source language and target language.In the case of elaborating strategy, the interpreter did the expansion in lexical meaning typically for the difficult words or phrase.The purpose is to find the equivalent meaning without disturbing the contextual meaning in the source language.Sometimes, in elaborating strategy, the interpreter could elaborate only on difficult words or phrases but could also elaborate or expand the entire sentence, especially when translating text that has rhetorical language, like metaphor, etc.

Extract 10
In extract 12, the case of elaborating strategy occurred in the phrase of the act of killing herself using a knife, since the interpreter transferred the meaning of the phrase into target language to be in complex sentence structures.The phrase in the source language that has involved in elaborating way became sentence, so from the phrase shifted to be sentenced in the target language, as seen in the result of meaning in target language dan kemudian mereka menemukan nona Wongso mengakui Wongso bahwa telah melakukan ancaman tersebut tetapi beliau tidak benar-benar akan melakukan tindakan tersebut yang dimaksud tindakan menurut saksi adalah tindakan bunuh diri.
From that case, it proved that the elaboration could be seen from the construction of the sentence, which before the source text, the structure of the sentence was short but when translating to be in long sentence structures of more complex structures.In this case, the interpreter gave additional information, particularly toward difficult words or phrases.This elaborating strategy occurred when the interpreter was difficult to find equivalent meaning between the source language and target language, so to find it, the interpreter tried to make

Conclusion
This study was aimed at investigating the consecutive interpreting strategies used by Yuliana Tansil as an interpreter in Jessica Kumala Wongso trial court on September 26, 2016, involving Indonesian as the target language and English as the source language.The result of this study revealed that the interpreter used various interpreting consecutive strategies.They involved a type of reduction strategies and achievement strategies.Further, the interpreter had used these two strategies including their sub-strategies to solve every difficulty both the factor of the linguistic factor and extra-linguistic factor such as the context of language in cultural differences.
In terms of reduction strategy, the interpreter maintains the main point of the message in the target language.There were three sub-categories used.They were skipping, incomplete sentence, and filtering.However, message abandonment was not found in this study.This strategy commonly used in simultaneous interpretation.The first sub-strategy in reduction strategy that was used by the interpreter during the process of consecutive interpretation is skipping.Through this strategy, the interpreter omitted one or more words that have less lexical meaning and only focused on the main point of information.The second is incomplete sentence.The interpreter used this strategy only when she faced a complex structure of utterances.So, the interpreter did not complete the sentence structure of utterance that uttered by the speaker as the source language to the target language.The last is filtering strategy.The interpreter used this strategy when she found a long utterance.Thus, the interpreter summarized the meaning in the source language to be in short in the target language.Furthermore, another strategy used by the interpreter through the case of Jessica' court is the achievement strategy.This strategy elaborated on the meaning of utterance of the source language in the target language, so the meaning of utterance becomes a long utterance.
In conclusion, the writers found the elaboration strategy was the most frequently used by Tansil as the interpreter.It was because she tried to balance the meaning from the source language to the target language to be acceptable to the context of the communication.

Table 1
expansion but it was still in the context of communication, it could become out from the contextual meaning.